Frog dissection diagram labeled7/3/2023 ![]() In contrast, non‐mineralized tissue shows poor X‐ray contrast and only became feasible for CT imaging by the advent of new staining techniques (Gignac et al., 2016 Metscher, 2009). This enabled fast and easy visualization of skeletons of geometrically undistorted datasets, compared with traditional physical sectioning techniques or drawings based on destructive dissections. Initially, X‐ray CT was used to study high‐density materials such as the mineralized vertebrate skeleton (Bever et al., 2005 Carpenter et al., 2004 Maisano et al., 2002 Rowe et al., 2005) or fossils (Polcyn et al., 2002 Tykoski et al., 2002), which can be easily visualized via thresholding or other automatic segmentation methods. ![]() Since the beginning of this century, morphological studies hugely profited from advances in imaging techniques such as X‐ray computed tomography (CT) and from image processing and analysis tools. gayi is able to employ various methods of feeding. Nevertheless, by keeping a certain amount of flexibility of the design of its feeding apparatus, C. gayi provide a clear picture of necessities prescribed by the habitat. pentadactylus, the skeletal and muscular adaptations of the aquatic species C. This study brings new insights into the relation of the anatomy of the feeding apparatus to the preferred feeding method via 3D imaging techniques. Moreover, due to the different skull morphology, the origins of two of the five musculi adductores vary between the species. sternohyoideus) is more massive in the aquatic species C. ![]() pentadactylus is more massively built and with a broader interdigitating area of the two main muscles, the protractor musculus genioglossus and the retractor musculus hyoglossus. Differences in this regard are evident in the tongue musculature, which in L. MicroCT scans of both species were conducted in order to reconstruct the complete anatomical condition of the whole feeding apparatus for the first time. These two frog species are of similar size, feed on similar diet but within different main habitats. This called for a detailed investigation of the morphology of its feeding apparatus and a comparison to a fully terrestrial species that is known to feed by lingual prehension such as Leptodactylus pentadactylus. Calyptocephalella gayi, known for its aquatic lifestyle, is not restricted to aquatic feeding but also feeds terrestrially using lingual prehension. Here, we present the cranial anatomy of two frog species providing descriptions of bone structures and soft tissues of the feeding apparatus with comments to possible relations to habitat and feeding ecology. ![]() I also show them a photo album of frogs we have looked at over the years and help them to compare the photos of the frogs to diagrams of their anatomy.Micro‐computed tomography (microCT) of small animals has led to a more detailed and more accurate three‐dimensional (3D) view on different anatomical structures in the last years. We trace the path of food from the esophagus to the stomach, duodenum, ileum, and finally the large intestine (cloaca). ![]() Beginning anatomy students often make the mistake of trying to memorize drawings or photos rather than attempt to make a mental diagram of how the parts fit together. I usually do this practice the day after students have dissected the frog to help them conceptualize how the structures fit together. ( The worksheet could be modified to not include it should students need a greater challenge. The main structures of the abdominal cavity are shown on this image and students practice identifying them using the included word bank. This worksheet is a supplement to the frog dissection activity where students examine a preserved specimen. ![]()
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